Learning French, he began translating important scientific and cultural works into Arabic. He came to hold a very positive view of French society, although not without criticisms. He was sent to Paris in 1826 by Muhammad Ali's government to study Western sciences and educational methods, although originally to serve as Imam for the Egyptian cadets training at the Paris military academy. The concepts were not exclusive by region however, and this distinction blurred as the renaissance progressed.Įgyptian scholar Rifa'a al-Tahtawi (1801–1873) is widely seen as the pioneering figure of the Nahda. Due to their differing backgrounds, the aspects that they focused on differed as well with Egypt focused on the political aspects of the Islamic world while Greater Syria focused on the more cultural aspects. The renaissance itself started simultaneously in both Egypt and Greater Syria. However, more recent scholarship has shown the Nahda's cultural reform program to have been as 'autogenetic' as it was Western-inspired, having been linked to the Tanzimat-the period of reform within the Ottoman Empire which brought a constitutional order to Ottoman politics and engendered a new political class-as well as the later Young Turk Revolution, allowing proliferation of the press and other publications and internal changes in political economy and communal reformations in Egypt and Syria and Lebanon. In traditional scholarship, the Nahda is seen as connected to the cultural shock brought on by Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798, and the reformist drive of subsequent rulers such as Muhammad Ali of Egypt. The Nahda ( Arabic: النهضة‎, romanized: an-nahḍa, meaning 'the Awakening' or 'the Renaissance'), also referred to as the Arab Renaissance or Enlightenment, was a cultural movement that flourished in Arabic-speaking regions of the Ottoman Empire, notably in Egypt, Lebanon and Syria, during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century.

Al nahda society